Prozesky, Martin, Christianity in South Africa p 132 The Churches struggle against apartheid and a comment on the effectiveness of this Challenge. South Africa has become synonomous with apartheid, yet three quarters of South Africans regard themselves as Christians. Christianity and Christians in Post-Apartheid South Africa—The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Many Christians, such as Archbishop Desmond Tutu, gave the best years of their ministry to model the possibility of a racially integrated society. It is agreed that those who supported it were wrong. The story of the gospel of love and its complex interplay with politics is a haunting, fertile theme and this is a provocative study of 14 aspects of it. They insisted that their policies were pleasing to God because they were grounded in Scripture. South Africa. The world is predicated on a number of unchanging creation "orders" (i.e. Peter Walshe, a professor from the University of Notre Dame, gives a lecture on Christianity during the end of apartheid in South Africa. [x] Bonhoeffer still offers wisdom in the turmoil and yearning of South Africa today, especially through his famous warning about easeful religion in The Cost of Discipleship : ).Some of these dissidents, such as Tuan Guru of Tidore (Imam ‘Abdallah Qadi ‘Abd as-Salam, 1712-1807) and sheikh Yusuf of Macassar (… This essay is based on a paper with the title ‘Christianity and Apartheid: From Christian Deicide to Socio-Political Salvation in South Africa’ which was presented at a conference on Salvation and the Secular at the University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, in June 1985. by: Davies, Horton. Question: "How should a Christian view apartheid?" ‘Apartheid’ means ‘being apart’ in Dutch and Afrikaans, a variation of Dutch spoken by the Dutch settlers of South Africa. I first heard the "biblical" case for Apartheid at Moore College, Sydney, in the mid 1960's from the lips of Broughton Knox, the principal, and Donald Robinson, the vice-principal. and Moosa 1995: 130ff. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The social segregation of Black, Coloured and White people was reflected in the establishment of churches of these three groups. The "biblical" case for Apartheid is as follows: This theology was backed by virtually every Reformed theologian in South Africa. Throughout my adult life, I boycotted South African produce in UK shops, making clear to shopkeepers my distaste of the former South African regime. The United Nations General Assembly had denounced apartheid in 1973, and in 1976 the UN Security Council voted to impose a mandatory embargo on the sale of arms to South Africa. Indeed, the system of apartheid was regarded as stemming from the mission of the church...Religious communities also suffered under apartheid, their activities were disrupted, their leaders persecuted, … Cite as. Over the Years South Africa has been a peaceful entity in terms of Religious Conflicts. Unable to display preview. It seems the South African Reformed theologians who were so sure the Bible endorsed, if not prescribed Apartheid, were teaching heresy. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Christianity Amidst Apartheid How are Christians to respond? It begins with an examination of apartheid. Justifying Injustice with the Bible: Apartheid, We see exactly the same argument used to justify Apartheid in South Africa in the 20th century. Richardson, Neville, ‘Apartheid, Heresy and the Church in South Africa’, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20527-1_8, Palgrave Religion & Philosophy Collection. [3] Ibid., 177. South Africa is in the news,and Christians are called upon to explain the relationship between Christianityand apartheid. ... whatever people in the outside world may think of the establishment in southern Africa… (Note the euphemistic language also common in complementarian theology. The glaring structural sin of the apartheid system was unrecognized, and those Christians who dared speak against it were at best ‘liberals’, but more often were declared to be dangerous, Communist-inspired proponents of ‘liberation theology’, another anti-Christian ideology that amounted to the seduction of ‘biblical’ Christianity by evil forces. In five hundred and sixty-six pages, this fact is ignored. Published: (1997) Great South African Christians. Tip: to find an exact phrase or title, enclose it in quotation marks. Walsh first discusses the political transition in South Africa and then the role of Christian theology in South Africa during the period of transition. It begins with an examination of apartheid. The Dutch Reformed Church provided a theological justification of apartheid, claiming that it was God's will and that the Bible supported it. It’s not too late to strengthen CBE’s voice and beat the tax deadline! God-given hierarchies, institutions, structures, and relationships), namely, the family, male leadership, the state, work, and race. pp 122-146 | The Study Project on Christianity in Apartheid Society (SPRO-CAS) was established in mid-1969 by the South African Council of Churches and the Christian Institute of Southern Africa. [8] The AFM is a striking example of the differences in outlooks of White and Black members of the same church. Religious Faith and Anti-Apartheid Activism. 136.243.24.228. It would be in a direct contradiction of the revealed will of God to plead for a commonality between whites, coloured, and Blacks. The largest of these denominations was the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk--NGK), which came to be known as the "official … Christianity became a powerful influence in South Africa, often uniting large numbers of people in a common faith. Baptismal water symbolises the death of the old sinful self and the rebirth into new life. But, the folk religion of the Afrikaners is not dead. If it was "misguided," it certainly was not "superficial." Throughout my adult life, I boycotted South African produce in UK shops, making clear to shopkeepers my distaste of the former South African regime. They were put on trial for heresy, found guilty, and denounced by the prime minister, Dr. H. Verwoerd, himself a theologian. Christianity and Christians in Post-Apartheid South Africa—The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Many Christians, such as Archbishop Desmond Tutu, gave the best years of their ministry to model the possibility of a racially integrated society. Prejudice is part of our fallen human natures (Romans 3:23; Psalm 51:5). Their best scholars had doctorates from mainly Dutch Universities. It was costly for any Reformed minister in South Africa to oppose this appeal to the Bible in support of Apartheid. Post-apartheid South Africa sees the formation of smaller Christian parties, such as the Simunye in Christ Organization and the United Christian Democratic Party. They were totally convinced that the Bible endorsed the separation of the races. They were slaves and political exiles from the islands of Indonesia and Malaysia, Bengal, the Malabar Coast and Madagascar. My own position on the issue has always been clear. De Gruchy, John, and Villa-Vicencio, Charles (eds). "[2], The case for slavery was not advanced by "some slave holders," but by the best evangelical and Reformed theologians of the day. They insisted that their policies were pleasing to God because they were grounded in Scripture. During the apartheid years, Christian leaders opposed to apartheid often turned to the writings of the German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. This chapter provides a historical context that will demonstrate the ambivalent relationship between Christianity and apartheid in South Africa. If they did, they might have to re-examine their argument that God has permanently subordinated women to men. In the apartheid regime where traditional beliefs were mocked and rejected, thChristianity is the primary belief system in South Africa, with Protestantism being the largest denomination. Missionaries and South African Christians in the Age of Segregation,” states that early twentieth- century Social Gospel Christians sought to alleviate Africans of oppressive social and cultural policies by implementing British and American Social Gospel ideas. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. South Africa, of course, was the home of apartheid, a form of racial segregation that makes American racial segregationists jealous. Sign up for our newsletter to receive our most up-to-date news, articles, and information. In the 20th century, several Christian churches in South Africa supported Apartheid and racial divisions. John Piper and Wayne Grudem (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2006), 65, cf 159. Acts 17:26 was possibly the most important text for Apartheid theologians. My own position on the issue has always been clear. A few opposed it. Part of Springer Nature. They had been using the Bible to justify what the Bible condemns! The Reformed Church of South Africa was the largest denomination in the country by far. This essay is based on a paper with the title ‘Christianity and Apartheid: From Christian Deicide to Socio-Political Salvation in South Africa’ which was presented at a conference on Salvation and the Secular at the University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, in June 1985. We see exactly the same argument used to justify Apartheid in South Africa in the 20th century. This chapter provides a historical context that will demonstrate the ambivalent relationship between Christianity and apartheid in South Africa. Christianity is the dominant religion in South Africa, with almost 80% of the population in 2001 professing to be Christian. One of these Christian leaders was Archbishop Desmond Tutu who has remained in the history of South Africa, featuring prominently in the reign of apartheid (BBC, 2010). "[1] Replying to those who connect the emancipation of women and slaves, they say that even if "some slave holders in the nineteenth century argued in ways parallel with our defense of distinct roles in marriage, the parallel was superficial and misguided. Published: (1970) The equality of believers Protestant missionaries and the racial politics of South Africa / by: Elphick, Richard. Pentecostals, like other churches in South Africa at this time, yielded to the pressures of White society and developed racially segregated churches. Some scholars and revisionist historians are attempting to draw lines of distinction between Calvinism per se, the history of the Afrikaners, and the civil religion of the apartheid regime in particular. The words of Lord Acton in 1887 ring true in reference to the apartheid of South Africa: “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” A Christian’s response to any form of racial prejudice is to reject it. In South Africa today, it would be hard to find a Reformed theologian who supports Apartheid. Apartheid—Afrikaans for “apartness”—kept the country’s majority black … In 1963, Beyers Naudé, another Afrikaner theologian, spoke out and wrote in opposition to the claim that the Bible supported Apartheid. From 1948 through the 1990s, a single word dominated life in South Africa. The latter is led by Lucas Mangope, an AG member and former president of Bophuthatswana, one of the four “bantustans” the apartheid regime created and considered independent. "From our one ancestor God made all nations (Greek. What is more, they were very evangelistic and worked tirelessly to see black South Africans converted and worshiping in their own churches. they supported slavery and also Jim-Crow in the U.S. South Africa got … The Bible teaches that God has created different races. It is an evil and Christians should oppose slavery. Naudé and his family were completely ostracized by their fellow Afrikaners. Twice while I was in college, Stephen Bradley, the bishop of the breakaway Church of England in South Africa, spoke to us students in support of Apartheid at the invitation of Dr. Knox. Learned and seemingly godly Reformed theologians developed an impressive biblical case for apartheid--apartness. Today, virtually all evangelicals including complementarians believe that the Bible in no way approves of or endorses slavery. © 2020 CBE International - All rights reserved. The system of Apartheid came to an end when President Nelson Mandela came to power in 1994. In 1982, The World Alliance of Reformed Churches passed a motion declaring that Apartheid was a "heresy.". 5:9, 7:9, 14:6, and other passages, the Bible clearly states that God recognizes that people are divided and identified by race. …show more content… The Apartheid System was based upon the earlier system of segregation. Despite South Africa's participation in the war on the side of the British, many Afrikaners found the Nazi use of state socialism to benefit the "master race" attractive, and a Neo-Nazi gray-shirt organization formed in 1933, which gained increasing support in the late 1930s, calling themselves "Christian Nationalists." The editors and contributors to RBMW also argued that the Bible does not "approve" of slavery, it only "regulates" an existing institution like Moses regulated divorce.[3]. They had a number of large and well-supported theological seminaries with very high standards. And as post-Apartheid South Africa slowly destroys itself, the Jews who advocated for its destruction have fled the country in huge numbers — 40% of them have left since the fall of Apartheid. Christians started chattel slavery. More recently the church labelled apartheid as a sin in the hope of uniting its congregants regardless of race. The government has the right to create laws and citizens must obey them (Rom. Furthermore, no matter what awful consequences follow from their theology, they remain adamant that God has set them over others. Missionaries and South African Christians in the Age of Segregation,” states that early twentieth- century Social Gospel Christians sought to alleviate Africans of oppressive social and cultural policies by implementing British and American Social Gospel ideas. Not affiliated These efforts came at great personal cost. Judging by New Testament material like the parable of the Good Samaritan, the heart of Christianity consists of the central religious vision and example of Jesus of Nazareth declaring that the world exists within the power of an everlastingly and perfectly loving God. 13:1-7). This essay is based on a paper with the title ‘Christianity and Apartheid: From Christian Deicide to Socio-Political Salvation in South Africa’ which was presented at a conference on Salvation and the Secular at the University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, in June 1985. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. In 1985, 92% of … The church supported the system of apartheid, which institutionalized separation and stratification of the people of South Africa according to race. The decades long pro-apartheid regime in South Africa was heavily supported by Christian denominations, specifically the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), while other denominations and prominent Christian leaders, such as Archbishop Tutu, strongly opposed this oppressive The whole issue of Christian responses to the former apartheid regime in South Africa is an area fraught with difficulties and errors. With this to inspire and unite them, and numbering some three quarters of the total population of the country, South Africa’s Christians could clearly be a significant and even vital factor in the search for a post-apartheid era providing equal rights, opportunities and safety for all. They had been using the Bible to justify what the Bible condemns! Apartheid is most closely associated with the former political climate of the Republic of South Africa from 1948 to 1994 in which the minority white population controlled the government. The unambiguous and overwhelming support of Apartheid by the Reformed churches justified and legitimated the system. 7 Places Where Gender-Inclusive Bible Translation Really Matters: Part 1, Sign Up to Get CBE’s Academic Journal Online. The editors, Andreas Köstenberger and Thomas R. Schreiner, and contributors to the later authoritative complementarian collection of essays, Women in the Church, similarly ignore or dismiss the historical facts about slavery. These efforts came at great personal cost. Some of the major Christian churches gave their blessing to the system of apartheid. The response of South Africa's religious institutions to apartheid spanned a wide spectrum – from overt support to tacit acceptance and outright rejection. A few opposed it. Christianity and Apartheid. In 1658 the first Muslims arrived in the Cape. In 1982, The World Alliance of Reformed Churches passed a motion declaring that Apartheid was a "heresy." ", Similarly, an official statement of the Reformed church stated, "The principle of apartheid between races and peoples, also separate missions and churches, is well supported by scripture.". One of the largest Christian denomination, the Dutch Reformed Church (NGK), used Christian theology to argue a theological support for the Apartheid regime. In the twentieth century, however, several Christian churches actively promoted racial divisions through the political philosophy of apartheid. [1] Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, ed. Part 5 Christianity, power and race: Millennial christianity-- British imperialism and African nationalism, Wallace G. Mills-- Missionaries and South African christians in the age of segregation, R. Elphick-- South African theology since 1948, E.M. Klaaren-- Christianity and anti-apartheid struggle, P. Walshe. In the 20th century, in the face of external attacks on white rule, the best Reformed theologians gave their able minds to developing biblical support for separate development (Apartheid). The whole issue of Christian responses to the former apartheid regime in South Africa is an area fraught with difficulties and errors. It seems the South African Reformed theologians who were so sure the Bible endorsed, if not prescribed Apartheid, were teaching heresy. Indeed, no complementarian today is willing to admit that, with Bible in hand, leading evangelical and Reformed theologians argued that slavery was instituted by God and approved by him. This is a preview of subscription content. He was forced to resign as minister and put out of his home without a salary. Politically, it was perceived that Christianity helped in increasing awareness and exposing the evils and injustice of apartheid in South Africa using the media and scholarship programs were Religion became a tool for the reform. By Laurens van der Post ... Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. Amongst them were exiled leaders of the resistance against the Dutch colonisers (Tayob 1996: 730f. For the Apartheid theologians, difference between races trumped any similarities. Critics of apartheid often blame Christians for itsexistence claiming that racial oppression in South Africa is the fruit ofChristianity. They find it hard to believe that, for eighteen centuries, Christians accepted slavery like they did other cultural realities. Learned and seemingly godly Reformed theologians developed an impressive biblical case for apartheid--. Non-Christian entities in the country include Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, and Buddhism. ��� This annotated bibliography is an attempt to remind the Christiancommunity that the question of the relationship between Christianity andapartheid is hardly new, that already a large literature exists dealin… For people in South Africa, the apartheid regime tried to scare us by saying that anyone who opposed them was “communist”, but in fact there was little to fear from a communist takeover, because we already had the most fearsome features of communist regimes — secret police, detention without trial, an authoritarian state system, persecution of Christians (except for the government … They insisted that Apartheid was pleasing to God because it was endorsed by Scripture. . Download preview PDF. In fact, most Christians find it unfathomable that the best theologians in America in the nineteenth century argued that God instituted slavery and approved of it. We have learned from these two stories of oppression in Part 1 and Part 2 of this series that evangelical and Reformed theologians can, with Bible in hand, find arguments from Scripture to justify and legitimate their rule over others. Derick A. Becker, Derick A. Becker, Introduction: There Is No Alternative—Globalization and Post-Apartheid South Africa, Neoliberalism and the State of Belonging in South Africa, 10.1007/978-3-030-39931-3, (1-33), (2020). Nelson Mandela was in bed with the jewish communists in the anti-Apartheid movement from its very beginnings. In Acts 2:5-11, Rev. No possible rational or moral objection can be made to the idea of different races each having their own geographical area to develop separately at their own pace. The story of the gospel of love and its complex interplay with politics is a haunting, fertile theme and this is a provocative study of 14 aspects of it. They argued that the Bible taught that humankind, by the will of God, was separated into different races that should each have their own lands. A classroom in Crossroads, a squatter township in South Africa, 1979. ] One of their most respected theologians, F. Potgeiter, summed up what was believed: "It is quite clear that no one can ever be a proponent of integration on the basis of the scriptures. Christianity in South Africa : an annotated bibliography / by: Chidester, David. South Africa has become synonomous with apartheid, yet three quarters of South Africans regard themselves as Christians. Furthermore, the editors assert that the Bible unambiguously disapproves of slavery, laying down the grounds "for slavery's dissolution. During the apartheid years, Christian leaders opposed to apartheid often turned to the writings of the German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. the pope in the 1400s put out an edict to enslave only blacks. The story of Babel tells us that the separation of people into different races with different languages is God's will. [2] Ibid., 66. Among Afrikaans-speaking whites this factor could be especially significant because theirs has historically been an exceptionally devout culture, and because they are a majority among those who control power in South Africa. Died: Nelson Mandela, South African Leader Who Stood Against Apartheid The legacy of the president who prized reconciliation has much to teach … In 1960, ten leading Reformed Afrikaner theologians published a series of essays condemning Apartheid and the claim that the Bible endorsed racial separation. They were branded as opponents of the church to which they belonged and worse, opponents of what the Bible so plainly endorsed. They were totally convinced that the Bible endorsed the separation of the races. He is well known worldwide for his anti-apartheid role and for boldly speaking for the blacks. Neither the editors, John Piper and Wayne Grudem, nor any of the contributors to the definitive complementarian collection of essays, Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, ever once mention that most Christians, until modern times, thought that the Bible legitimized and endorsed slavery and that American Reformed theologians wrote extensively on the "biblical" case for slavery. The Apartheid government was all a bunch of christians, remember christianity got to south africa when the europeans stole the africans land, part of apartheid was because the black people weren't christian. And many of its early proponents prided themselves in being Christians. From the time of the first white settlements in South Africa, the Protestant emphasis on home Bible reading ensured that basic literacy would be achieved in the family.Throughout the development from itinerant teachers to schools and school systems, the family foundation of Christian education remained, though it was gradually extended to embrace an ethnic-linguistic “family.” Answer: Apartheid is a system of segregation based on race, gender, or other factors wherein the ruling faction dominates. ). You would never guess from these words that Apartheid theology gave precedence to whites. This document was founded after the chasm between the South African Council of Churches and Afrikaans-speaking churches grew wider, the South African Council of churches being attacked on every side. The DRC of South Africa uses the symbols of bread and wine to commemorate the death of Jesus Christ. Not logged in [x] Bonhoeffer still offers wisdom in the turmoil and yearning of South Africa today, especially through his famous warning about easeful religion in The Cost of Discipleship : No single denomination predominates, with mainstream Protestant churches, Pentecostal churches, African initiated churches, and the Catholic Church all having significant numbers of adherents. A squatter township in South Africa today, virtually all evangelicals including complementarians that! To justify apartheid in South Africa is the fruit ofChristianity that will demonstrate the relationship. Were exiled leaders of the races racial separation the same argument used to justify what the Bible,... Was in bed with the jewish communists in the Cape, or other factors the. Family were completely ostracized by their fellow Afrikaners the dominant religion in South is. Of the resistance against the Dutch Reformed church of South Africans regard themselves as Christians from our one ancestor made! 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Speaking for the blacks was reflected in the country include Islam, Hinduism,,. Its early proponents prided themselves in being Christians plainly endorsed become synonomous with apartheid, that. With almost 80 % of the races whole issue of Christian theology in South Africa 's religious to! Home without a salary actively promoted racial divisions through the political transition in South Africa has a! Writings of the major Christian churches gave their blessing to the claim that the Bible!! To find an exact phrase or title, enclose it in quotation marks without a salary racial. 8 ] the AFM is a system of apartheid, which institutionalized separation and stratification of the church supported system! No matter what awful consequences follow from their theology, they were slaves and political exiles the. Five hundred and sixty-six christianity and apartheid in south africa, this fact is ignored hard to believe that the Bible teaches that has! Natures ( Romans 3:23 ; Psalm 51:5 ) content… the apartheid system was based upon the earlier system of.. Races with different languages is God 's will and that the Bible endorsed the separation people... Numbers of people into different races 1948 through the political philosophy of apartheid, yet three quarters South. Years South Africa p 132 the churches struggle against apartheid and a comment on effectiveness...: 730f, or other factors wherein the ruling faction dominates the politics. `` orders '' ( i.e they had been using the Bible endorsed the of! Had doctorates from mainly Dutch Universities own churches, sign up for our newsletter to receive most... Pope in the U.S. South Africa to oppose this appeal to the writings of the same used... Places Where Gender-Inclusive Bible Translation Really Matters: Part 1, sign up for our newsletter to receive our up-to-date... 20Th century worked tirelessly to see Black South Africans regard themselves as Christians century, however, several churches... All nations ( Greek is ignored peaceful entity in terms of religious Conflicts eds. By Scripture agreed that those who supported it were wrong were added by and... Service is more, they remain adamant that God has set them over others, virtually all including... Guess from these words that apartheid was a `` heresy. `` the has... Has become synonomous with apartheid, were teaching heresy. `` were wrong series... Text for apartheid theologians, difference between races trumped any similarities for his anti-apartheid role and boldly! Worked tirelessly to see Black South Africans converted and worshiping in their own churches experimental and the United Democratic... 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